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Excerpt from a biography of Gibbs, and a translation of Carnot's 1824 paper.

The Atomic Archive explores the complex history surrounding the invention of the atomic bomb - a crucial turning point for all mankind. Follow a timeline that takes you down the path of our nuclear past, from the 1920s to the present. Read biographies of A-bomb father Robert Oppenheimer and Enrico Fermi's dispassionate account of the Trinity Test. Examine maps of the damage to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and summaries of arms-control treaties. You'll also find an excellent gallery of photographs and historical footage. . This site explores the complex history surrounding the invention of the atomic bomb.

Information on the history of science, History of science information. A site providing information, photos, and essays concerning the history of science.

Historical timelines in mathematics, physics, and politics

The connections between the sciences and the arts with emphasis on physics. A prediction on where to look for the next great theories in physics.

Most comprehensive and user friendly online tool to explore the political and ethical dilemmas of the Nuclear Age. A citizen guide to create a saner and more peaceful world. Classroom use encouraged.

American Physical Society site explores developments in physics in the 20th century, along with their historical context.